OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS CLASS (01:13 PM)

HUNTING AND POACHING (01:16 PM)

• It results in biodiversity loss. For example: The degradation of grassland due to the Disappearance of cheetah.
• PRIMARY DRIVERS
• A)HABITAT LOSS
• For Illegal trading for investment, For example, tigers and rare birds.
• For Tourism purposes like Safari.
• VICTIM OF HUNTING WHO GOT EXTINCT
• Nagaland:Amur Falcon.
• Woolly Mammoth.
• Tasmanian tiger.
• Dodo Bird.
• B)INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES (01:44 PM)
• The IUCN defines invasive alien species as which becomes established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems or habitats, Is an agent of change and threatens native biological diversity.
• It is a generalist species (It can survive anywhere).
• They are tolerant of a wide range of soil and weather conditions.
• It is also a pioneer species in various regions.
• They are capable of easy reproduction. For example: Long flowering seasons and long fruiting seasons.
• They also develop an aggressive root system, Producing large amounts of seeds which can be dispersed easily.
• They have a broad native range.
• Examples
• Prosopis juliflora.
• Lantana camara.
• Parthenium hysterophorus.
• Water Hyacinth.
• Giant African land snail
• Common myna.
• Rock pigeon Clownfish.
• C)MAN-ANIMAL CONFLICT (01:56 PM)
• MAN-ANIMAL conflict is when encounters between humans and wildlife lead to negative results such as loss of property, livelihood and even life.
• It often leads to people killing animals in self-defence or preemptive or retaliatory killings which can drive species to extinction.
• CAUSES
• 1) Habitat destruction, Deforestation.
• 2)Fragmentation of forest.
• 3)Infrastructural development works inside the forest. Example: Road, Railways.
• 4)Expanding the agriculture area into the forest areas.
• 5)Illegal tourism activities.
• 6)Unsustainable tourism practices.
• SOLUTION (02:21 PM)
• 1)Learn to live peacefully, Principle of coexistence.
• 2)Farming in the buffer area, Growing alternative crops, Extra income from livestock - Quote case study of Sonitpur District, Assam.
• 3)Warning through Radio communication and emergency broadcast.
• 4)In long-term Habitat conservation, Increase in prey base.
• 5)Relocation of predators (For example Relocation of Tiger from Ranthambore to Sariska)
• 6) Insurance coverage to farmers.
• 7)Bee fencing for animals.
• 8)Construction of overbridge.

BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT (02:39 PM)

• A biodiversity hotspot is an area rich in biodiversity; at the same time, drastic biodiversity loss is also witnessed.
• Conservation International (CI) identifies hotspots regions with high biodiversity and which are under constant threats. 
• To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot
• 1)The region must have 1500 vascular plants as endemic.
• 2)Lost at least 70% of its natural vegetation.
• There are a total of 36 biodiversity hotspots across the world. Examples: The Atlantic forest of South America, The Guinean forest of west Africa etc.
• There are four biodiversity hotspots in India:
• a)Himalayas (Including Nepal and Bhutan)
• b)Western Ghats and Srilanka.
• c)Indo Burma (Northeast).
• d)Sundaland (Java, Sumatra, Bornea, Great Nicobar)

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION (03:13 PM)

• Conservation method is categorised into two types:
• Ex situ and Ins situ conservation.
• DIFFERENCES

• EX SITU	IN SITU
  It involves conservation by removing a species of wildlife from its natural habitat which is threatened and placing it under the influence of humans.	It is a process of protecting endangered plant and animal species in their natural habitat.
  Number will increase Faster	Number will not grow at a fast pace.
  Less stable due to low genetic diversity.	More stable in terms of genetic diversity
  Behavioural Changes	No Behavioural changes
  Zoo,Botanical garden	National Park, Wildlife sanctuary, Biosphere Reserve.
  Breeding centres at some places like Jatayu breeding centre. Gene bank. Cryopreservation. Seed vault.	Involves two types of protection: Area-based where the entire is protected and, Species where a specific species is targeted.

BIOSPHERE RESERVE (03:45 PM)

• These are the sites established to provide sustainable development based on local community efforts and sound science.
• Main objectives include:
• a)Conservation of biological diversity as well as cultural diversity.
• b)Sustainable economic development.
• c)Providing logistic support and development through research, monitoring, education and awareness generation.
• ZONES WITHIN BIOSPHERE RESERVES (BR)
• Each BR is divided into three zones:
• a)Core area
• It includes a strictly protected zone with endemic plant and animal species.
• It is a protected area which is kept free from human interference, which includes a national park and wildlife sanctuary
• b)Buffer zone:
• Limited human activity which is compatible with ecological practices.
• It aims to reduce the pressure on coal areas and includes activities such as limited tourism, fishing, controlled greasing etc.
• Research and educational activity are increased.
• c)Transition zone: 
• It is the outermost zone where socio-cultural and ecologically sustainable human and economic activity are allowed.
• It includes agriculture, plantations, intensive tourism etc.
• In India, we have 18 BR. The central government recognises the BR.
• UNESCO,Man & Biosphere reserve(MAB) they just recognise the government recognised BR.So out of 18,12 got UNESCO MAB recognition.
• 
• Out of the above 18, Except for the cold desert, the Run of Kutch, Seshachalam, Manas, Dibru Sikhowa and Dihan Dibang others are UNESCO MAB recognised.

The topic for the next class: Continuation of Protected sites(Detail Discussion)